In Europe, universities emerged during the 12th century;
here, scholasticism was an important tool, and the
academicians were called schoolmen. During the Middle Ages
and much of the Early Modern period, the main purpose of
schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach the Latin
language. This led to the term grammar school, which in the
United States informally refers to a primary school, but in
the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants
based on ability or aptitude. The school
curriculum
has gradually broadened to include literacy in the
vernacular language and technical, artistic, scientific, and
practical subjects.
Special Senior Events
Obligatory school attendance became common in parts of
Europe during the 18th century. In Denmark-Norway, this was
introduced as early as in 1739 1741, the primary end being to
increase the literacy of the almue, i.e., the "regular people".
Many of the earlier public schools in the United States and
elsewhere were one-room schools where a single teacher taught
seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning
in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple
classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided
by kid hacks and school buses.
Islam was another culture that developed a school system in
the modern sense of the word. Emphasis was put on knowledge,
which required a systematic way of teaching and spreading
knowledge and purpose-built structures.
At first,
mosques combined religious performance and learning activities.
However, by the 9th century, the madrassa was introduced, a
school that was built independently from the mosque, such as al-Qarawiyyin,
founded in 859 CE. They were also the first to make the Madrassa
system a public domain under Caliph's control.
In ancient India, schools were in the form of Gurukuls.
Gurukuls were traditional Hindu residential learning
schools, typically the teacher's house or a monastery.
Schools today are commonly known by the Sanskrit terms
Vidyashram, Vidyalayam, Vidya Mandir, Vidya Bhavan in India.
In southern languages, it is known as Pallikoodam or
PaadaSaalai. During the Mughal rule, Madrasahs were
introduced in India to educate the children of Muslim
parents. British records show that indigenous education was
widespread in the 18th century, with a school for every
temple, mosque, or village in most regions. The subjects
taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law,
Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Science, and
Religion.
In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily
to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most
part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools,
primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant
school and junior school), and secondary schools.
Various
types of secondary schools in England and Wales include
grammar schools, comprehensives, secondary moderns, and city
academies. While they may have different names in Scotland,
there is only one type of secondary school. However, they
may be funded either by the state or independently funded.
Scotland's school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's
Inspectorate of Education. Ofsted reports on performance in
England and Estyn reports on performance in Wales.
Student Tutoring Sessions
In the United Kingdom, most schools are publicly funded
and known as state schools or maintained schools in which
tuition is provided for free.[15] There are also private
schools or private schools that charge fees. Some of the
most selective and expensive private schools are known as
public schools, a
usage that
can be confusing to speakers of North American English.
In North American usage, a public school is publicly funded
or run.
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Under British rule, Christian missionaries from England,
the United States, and other countries established
missionary and boarding schools in India.[19] Later as these
schools gained popularity, more were started, and some
gained prestige. These schools marked the beginning of
modern schooling in India. The syllabus and calendar they
followed became the benchmark for schools in modern India.
Today most schools follow the missionary school model for
tutoring, subject/syllabus, and governance, with minor
changes.